The former player: 'I hoped to carry on playing'
Warning: This article includes details of racially offensive language and behaviour
Ex-England player Luther Burrell says that going public to reveal racism in professional rugby led his professional journey to an early conclusion.
In a June 2022, Burrell characterized racism as being "widespread" in the game, showing digital communications and recalling training ground "jokes" he had been subject to while playing for Newcastle.
Then 34 and out of contract, Burrell's only elite playing since has been a handful of games with guest team the Barbarians.
"I've have definitely had to retire because of what occurred," he told reporters.
"I really wanted to continue playing, of course I did. I pursued that, and it fell through when news came out that there were inquiries going on.
"This situation was challenging - I had to just accept the fate and understand that this whole situation is a lot more important than me."
A sports organization report in 2023 found Burrell's allegations were accurate "on the balance of probability", but said it could not collect sufficient proof to definitively say they happened at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell started all of England's Six Nations games in 2014 and 2015, but was controversially excluded for their squad for the 2015 World Cup
Burrell revealed to journalists he also encountered discrimination within the England team environment, during a Test career that saw him earn 15 caps after his debut in 2014.
"I have had several traumatic experiences within the national team," he stated.
"Some discrimination and some just outdated thinking that's really unacceptable."
Racism had become normalised in dressing rooms, in Burrell's view.
"This is something that has been disguised as humour and that's been the problem that I've myself suffered and seen," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican descent.
"During a extended period you just begin to think that it's the norm and that is fine and that it's not harmful, but that's incorrect."
Burrell says he was finally motivated to speak out after a fellow player at Newcastle called him as a "slave" and told him to put sunscreen on his wrists and ankles "where chains would be placed."
The governing body said Burrell's revelations had led to "increased scrutiny at the culture within the elite game and to the introduction of an action plan for the professional game."
"We has placed significant focus on inclusion and diversity in rugby union and a great deal of work undertaken both prior and after Luther Burrell spoke publicly and shared his experiences of racism and class discrimination," it added.
"The organization are ongoing work with teams and partners in the elite level to strive for a environment of inclusivity but acknowledge this requires patience and is an continuous effort."
Every Prem and PWR club now has face-to-face training on creating inclusive environments, with its success tracked via individual reports and feedback.
All England athletes, including youth squads, are trained in being "engaged observers" to step in and defend others from damaging conduct.
"You be so pleased of what you have accomplished," Burrell's mother Joyce told him as part of the film Luther Burrell - Rugby, Racism and Redemption.
"We know it has had this effect on you and finished your playing days, but in our eyes, you have achieved so well. We are so proud of you and to have you as a son."
Burrell's father Geoff died soon after the filming of the film, and his sibling passed away earlier this year.
Burrell, who grew up on a council estate in Huddersfield, continues his work to make the game more open.
His 12 Foundation works to connect with young people in under-served communities and support them succeed on and off the pitch with complimentary sports training, guidance and nutrition education.
"My intentions are pure, I want to see the evolution of the sport and if others is prepared to tell their experience then I'll continue to advocate for that cause because I'm not just pursuing this for my own benefit," he said.
"Everyone involved have an responsibility to make the sport as great as it can be and the more I speak about it hopefully the more confident fellow players will feel about discussing their own experiences as well.
"I need to take the bull by the opportunity and keep carrying this flag and continue carrying this responsibility and do what I can to create opportunities and make the sport more appealing and more inclusive.
"There are a lot of underprivileged children and a lot of economic hardship and I honestly believe that rugby has the ability to transform their futures, just as it did for me."
Burrell scored for the Barbarians on a comeback to previous team Northampton in November 2022